Safety measures in swimming

Safety measures in swimming Introduction Many young children like being around and in water, but proper safety measures should be taken, without which water can be dangerous for young children. One of the leading causes of death among children 1(one) to 4(four) years of age is drowning. According to Australian National Drowning report of 2007, 35 infants and toddlers lost their lives through drowning in the financial year ending 30 June 2007. Most often at home, babies and toddlers drown in swimming pools. Drowning can also happen in other standing water around the home like bathtubs, buckets and pails, especially 5-gallon buckets and diaper pails, ice chests with melted ice, toilets, hot tubs, spas ,and whirlpools, irrigation ditches, post holes, and wells, fish ponds and fountains among others. Drowning to young children is so easy as they can drown in as little as 4 cm(1.5inches) of water, this therefore means that drowning can happen where and when you would least expect it .While drowning can take only a second, it is almost always silent. For this reason therefore, adults must always watch young children when in or near water. Keeping Young Children Safe Young children need constant supervision when near water, whether the water is in a bathtub, a wading pool, an ornamental fish pond, a swimming pool, a spa, the beach or a lake. Several water and pool safety tips have been discussed below: One may ask the question whether swimming lessons prevent drowning among children. It is a good idea to learn how to swim and children older than 4 years should learn how to swim. However, according to researchers, there is no research to show that swimming lessons for children young than 4 years old can prevent drowning. This is because children are not old enough at this age to learn how to swim on their own. There are water survival skills that would help one in an emergency which are too hard for young children to react with. However the exact age when young children are ready to learn how to swim, there is not a lot of research about it, but research has shown that children do not have the skills to swim on their own until maybe at the age of 4 years old and above even if their swimming lessons start at a younger age. It should be however noted that one should not assume that a child who knows how to swim is not at risk for drowning. No matter what their swimming skill levels, i t is important to supervise young children while they are in the water. (World Health Organization, 2006) Whenever a child is near water, invest in proper-fitting, coast guard-approved flotation devices (life vests) and use them. Check the recommendations for the weight and size on the label, then to make sure that it fits snugly, have your child try it on. Choose a vest with a strap between the legs and head support for children young than 5 years old- the collar will keep the child’s head up and face out of the water. Arm devices such as water wings and inflatable vests are not effective protection against drowning. Water safety precautions start in the home, for example the bathroom is full of dangers for young children. A young child should never be left unattended in the bathroom especially while bathing even if the child appears to be well propped in a safety tub or bath ring. All hair dryers and other electrical appliances should be kept away to avoid the risk of electrocution to children. Hot water can also be dangerous, for the children who are young than 5 years in particular. Unlike older children and adults, young children have thinner skin, meaning that they burn more easily. Just 3 seconds exposure to hot tap water that’s 60 degrees Celsius can give a third degree burn to a child. To reduce the risk of scalding you can turn the water heater thermostat in your home down to 49 degree Celsius and by always testing the water with your wrist or elbow before placing your child in the bath. Child safety is not only to be found at home, your awareness of preventing accidents caused by water can go a long way outside the home. This can be done by finding out if there are water hazards’ in your neighbourhood. Find out whether there are pools or water spas, where the retaining ponds or creeks that may attract children are. Make neighbours who have pools aware that you have a young child and ask them to keep their gates locked. (World Health Organization, 2006) When it comes to safety issues at your own home, having a pool, pond, spa, or hot tub is a tremendous responsibility. Though hot tubs may feel great to adults, it is best not to let children use them at all because they can become dangerously overheated in them and even drown. Having a fence going a round the pool or spa between the water and your house is the best safety investment you can make and this can go a long way towards preventing pool-related drowning. According to consumer product safety commission (CPSC), fences for the pool should meet the following rules: First, fences should stand at least 4feet high with no foot or handrails for children to climb on, secondly the slats should be less than 4 inches apart so a child can not get through, or if chain link, should have no opening larger than50millimeters. Also gates should be self –closing and self-latching, and the latch should be out of the child’s reach. Other devices such as pool covers and alarms can be bought, but the American Academy of paediatrics (AAP) have not proved their effectiveness against drowning for very young children. The AAP strongly supports fencing as the best measure of protection. (United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2005) Another way of ensuring safety for young children is to teach them proper pool behaviour, and to make sure that you take the right precautions too. Young children should not run or push around the pool and should never dive in areas that are marked for diving. If there is lightning or if the weather generally turns bard, they should get out of the pool immediately. They should too know that they should contact the lifeguard or an adult if there is an emergency. Most important, supervise your children all the times. You should not assume that just because your child took swimming lessons or is using a floating device such as an inner tube or inflatable raft that there is no drowning risk. Sometimes it is very easy to be distracted for example when you are in a party, therefore designate an adult who will be responsible for watching the children. If in any case you leave your child with a babysitter, make sure he or she knows your rules for the pool. It is also vital understanding that when it comes to water emergencies seconds count, so take a cordless phone with you when you are watching children during water play. A quick dial feature keyed to your local emergency centre will also save additional seconds. If you receive a call while supervising children, be keen to keep your conversation brief to prevent being distracted. Make sure that you have safety equipment such as floatation devices that are in good shape and are close at hand when boating or swimming. Review your home for water hazards and plan what to do in case of an emergency once you have installed all your safety equipment. Also make sure that you have all post emergency numbers on all phones and ensure that all caregivers are aware of their locations. Be sure to remove all pool toys and put them away after your children have finished playing in the pool. This is because it has been noted that some children drown while trying to retrieve playthings left in the pool. (United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2005) Water safety should also be considered even after the swim season has passed. This is because some pools have covers and it is not safe in the sense that many children love attempt to walk on top of the covered pools and may get trapped underneath a pool cover. Pools are tempting play areas for young children so keep your pool gates locked and teach your children to stay away from water without your supervision. For the above-ground pools, to lock or to remove the ladder when the pool is not in use is a good idea. Although the biggest worry, drowning isn’t the only concern when young children are exposed to water. Infants in particular are highly susceptible to diseases that can be transmitted in water. When an infant is introduced in to a pool, thereafter dry the child’s ears carefully by use of a towel or cotton ball to help prevent swimmers ear (an ear infection caused by water). In order to remove pool chemicals, it’s a good idea to wash the baby and shampoo the hair. Water temperatures below 29 degree Celsius can cause babies to lose heat quickly and body temperatures drop below normal, causing hypothermia. Therefore any child who starts to shiver should be removed from water immediately, dried and kept in a towel. Inside the pools young children can also cause diseases. Cryptosporidium is a parasite which normally lives in the gastrointestinal tract and is found in faeces and it can therefore be released by babies with leaky diapers. Into pools and accidentally when swallowed by others can cause problems. The safest thing in this case is to keep your baby out of pools until he/she is toilet taught, and if the child must go to a pool use waterproof diapers and change them frequently. (World Health Organization, 2006) In Case of Emergency Always check the pool first whenever a child is missing. Remember that survival of the child depends on a quick rescue and restarting breathing as soon as possible. Get the child out immediately if you find it in water while calling loudly for help. If there is anyone else available let them call the emergency number for help. Check and make sure that the air passages of the child are clear. If the child is not breathing, do five cycles of rescue breathing and chest compressions for a bout two minutes or so. If the child is still not breathing, continue giving this first aid as you dial the emergency number to get help if someone hasn’t already called and follow any instructions provided by the emergency operators. Lay the child on his or her side it breathing starts-this will help keep the airway open and allow fluids to drain so that the child doesn’t choke. Keep the child on his or her back and brace the neck and shoulders with your hands and forearms, if you think t he child may have suffered a neck injury, until emergency help arrives. Do not move or let the child move. Also to keep the child comforted, speak in calm tones and continue to watch for adequate breathing. (United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 2005) Conclusion It has been noted clearly that water can be a great source of fun for young children. However, if not well supervised, children can find themselves in great danger even to a point of death through drowning, commonly found in the family pools. Flotation devices or swimming skills cannot safe a child from drowning. Children in water can also pass risks like diseases to other pool users. It is also important to check the water temperature and the PH level to ensure safety of the children. All the discussed safety tips above should be put into consideration. Above all it should be noted that the only best way to ensure water and pool safety for young children is through adult supervision- the best way to supervise a child is by being within arms reach and engaging and interacting with your children when they are in, on, or around water. Do not let children to take care of their younger siblings. Reference Kebabjian, R. (1995): Disinfection of Public Pools and Management of Fecal Accidents: Journal of Environmental Health; 58 (1): 8-12 Minnesota Department of Health (2002): Recommended Guide for the Removal of Fecal Matter from a Swimming Pool for Consideration by Pool Owners and Operators New South Wales Health Department (1999): Protocol for Minimising the Risk of Cryptosporidium Contamination in Public Swimming Pools and Spa Pools Steinenger, J. (1991): Improving Pool Sanitation; Journal of Environmental Health; May/June 53(6): 26-28 United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (2005): Guidelines for Entrapment Hazards: Making Pools and Spas Safer World Health Organization (2006): Guidelines for safe recreational water environments: Vol. 2; Swimming pools and similar environments

Natural Vegetation of India

Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples. Despite the overall unity accorded by the monsoon, there are visible regional variations in climatic conditions within India. Regardless of the moderating influences of the Himalayas in the north and the sea in the south, variations do exist in temperature, humidity and precipitation. For example, in summer, some parts of the Rajasthan desert, in north-western India, record temperatures of 50Â °C, while it may be around 20Â °C in Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir, in the north of the country.On a winter night, the temperature at Drass in Jammu and Kashmir may be as low as minus 45Â °C, while Thiruvananthapuram may have a temperature of 22Â °C. In general, coastal areas experience less contrasts in temperature conditions. Seasonal contrasts are more in the interior of the country. Another case in point is precipitation. While precipitation is mostly in the form of snowfall in the u pper parts of the Himalayas, it rains over the rest of the country. The annual precipitation varies from over 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and western Rajasthan.Most parts of the country receive rainfall from June to September, but some parts like the Tamil Nadu coast get most of their rain during October and November. Discuss the mechanism of monsoons. During summer, a low-pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over north and north-western India. At the same time, there is a high-pressure system over the southern Indian Ocean. Winds move from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area. As a result, the low-pressure system attracts the southeast trade winds of the southern hemisphere.On crossing the equator, these trade winds—due to the Coriolis force—turn right towards the low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent. After crossing the equator, these winds start blowing in a south-westerly direction, and enter the Indian peninsul a as the southwest monsoon. As these winds blow over warm oceans, they bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent. Arriving at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula, the wind system breaks up into two branches ? the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.The Arabian Sea branch hits the Western Ghats, while the Bay of Bengal branch flows over the Bay of Bengal and hits the eastern Himalayas. The coastal areas west of the Western Ghats receive much of the rainfall from the Arabian Sea Branch, while the regions lying east of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from these winds. The north-eastern parts of the country receive much of their rainfall from the Bay of Bengal Branch. As these winds move from east to west, the moisture they carry progressively declines. As a result, rainfall decreases from east to west.The Arabian Sea branch moves towards the north-east from the south-west, and joins the Bay of Bengal branch over the northern part of the country. The durati on of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days. By the end of this period, the low pressure system over north and north-west India gradually weakens, and this leads to the retreat of the monsoon winds. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season. The Cold Weather Season Beginning from mid-November, the winter season lasts till February. The weather is usually marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity, and feeble and variable winds.The temperature decreases from the south to the north, with the peninsular region not showing any noticeable seasonal change in temperature pattern due to the moderating influence of the sea. The coldest months are December and January. The days are generally warm and the nights are cold. Frost is common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall. During this season, the sub-tropical westerly jet streams blowing south of the Himalayas bring in cyclonic disturbances from the Mediterran ean region. These cause winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.The Tamil Nadu coast also receives winter rainfall due to the blowing of the north-east trade winds from sea to land. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India. Characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India: (i) The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days from early June to mid-September. (ii) Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon. (iii) The monsoon has characteristic wet and dry spells or ‘breaks’ in rainfall.The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. (iv) The moisture is carried by pulsating south westerlies that are affected by different atmospheric conditions, thereby giving monsoon rains an uncertain character. The annual rainfall is highly variable from year to y ear (v) The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the Indian landscape. Parts of the western coast and north-eastern India receive the maximum rainfall. Regions such as parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Leh and the leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little rainfall.Effects of monsoon rainfall in India: (a) Indian agriculture is largely dependent upon the water from the monsoon rains. Late, low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops. (b) Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are some regions that are drought prone and some that are flood afflicted. (c) The monsoon provides India with a distinct climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people.

Life, Death, and Two Opposing Articles Essay Writing Samples

Life, Death, and Two Opposing Articles Essay Writing Samples As one reads the paragraph, as opposed to the very first sentence telling you right away what the paragraph is all about, one reads the entire paragraph and absorbs numerous distinct ideas. Topic sentences can be parts of the most important opinion. The past few sentences ought to be extremely clear and have a long-lasting image on your audience. With Fergusson, there are various topic sentences in 1 paragraph. There are several more arguments in the article which are not correctly supported. Normally, you'll be asked to speak about each one of the article's major points separately and describe how well the given evidence supports them. You first have to select a good topic with an argument, credible information to back up your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a great counter-argument to assist you sound less biased. Consider it for a second and see whether you can find with your own answer. What's required is a truly simple, overarching perspective. You may also produce a suggestion regarding the direction for more research on this issue. Lastly, guarantee the topic you decide on can be supported by some factual evidence. The topic chosen for the purpose should be attractive in the view of many readers. New Step by Step Roadmap for Two Opposing Articles Essay Writing Samples In america the writing that is taught in school is known as the Palmer Method. Unique Purposes of Education There are distinct purposes for gaining education like education can help to sustain an individual's social and financial life. Be explicitly clear in regards to the job that you're seeking. After all, the duty of the student is to just explain how other positions might not be well informed or updated on this issue. The Fundamentals of Two Opposing Articles Essay Writing Samples Revealed The absolute most important consideration when deciding on a writing sample needs to be quality. You always need to match the sort of writing in your sample to the sort of writing required in your intended job. You will then have to approach this issue by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some important components which make it better in the practice of convincing. Regardless of what it is that you're expected to analyze, a crucial analysis essay has to be written in according to a set of rules that will make certain you have right the structure and content of the analysis paper. The introduction should also consist of article main theme and the author's key claim. In order to give an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is wise to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. Taking a couple of minutes at the start to structure your essay can help save you valuable writing time later. Custom writing services can supply you with research and writing services that will guarantee you have an outstanding essay. Practicing the elements of excellent essay writing is helpful regardless of what topic you concentrate on. Writing effectively by producing a skilled content is a significant action to do as a way to pass college essay writing questions. With the assistance of such argumentative essay outline sample, you would have the ability to compose your own essay much faster and with very little effort. A great essay is additionally a balanced essay. Despite common belief, there are different kinds of argumentative essays. Every argumentative essay ought to be based on a topic which can be debated. Before concluding the essay, it is crucial to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. The primary or topic sentence is going to be the very first line in your essay. To write a fantastic argumentative essay, there are four key components of the essay you're likely to have to know about. The second portion of that is the point where the essay becomes just a little tricky.

Favourability Of Factors Of Fraenkische Production In India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4192 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Pipe Industry Pipelines have been used since many decades. They were constructed in different parts of the world to convey water for drinking and irrigation. Perhaps the first use was by ancient agriculturalists. They used pipe like structures to divert water from streams and rivers into their fields. There is some evidence suggesting that the Chinese used reed pipe for transporting water, around 2000 B.C. Pipes made of clay that were used by other ancient civilizations have been discovered. In tropical countries, bamboo pipes were used to transport fluid that mainly consisted of water. The first lead pipes were constructed during the beginning of the A.D century in Europe. Colonial Americans used wood for a similar purpose. In 1652, the manufacturing of the first water transportation pipes was made in Boston using hollow logs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Favourability Of Factors Of Fraenkische Production In India" essay for you Create order 1.2 History of Pipe Production Welded steel pipe can be traced back to the early 1800s during the dawn of the modern day. In 1815, William Murdock invented a coal burning lamp system. To fit the entire city of London with these lights, Murdock joined together the barrels from discarded muskets. He used this continuous pipeline to transport the coal gas. When his lighting system proved successful a greater demand was created for long metal tubes. To produce enough tubes to meet this demand, a variety of inventors set to work on developing new pipe making processes. An early notable method for producing metal tubes quickly and inexpensively was patented by James Russell in 1824. In his method, tubes were created by joining together opposite edges of a flat iron strip. The metal was first heated until it was malleable. Using a drop hammer, the edges folded together and welded. The pipe was finished by passing it through a groove and rolling mill. Russells method was not used long because in the next year, Comelius Whitehouse developed a better method for making metal tubes. This process, called the butt-weld process is the basis for our current pipe-making procedures. In his method, thin sheets of iron were heated and drawn through a cone-shaped opening. As the metal went through the opening, its edges curled up and created a pipe shape. The two ends were welded together to finish the pipe. The first manufacturing plant to use this process in the United States was opened in 1832 in Philadelphia. Gradually, improvements were made in the Whitehouse method. One of the most important innovations was introduced by John Moon in 1911. He suggested the continuous process method in which a manufacturing plant could produce pipe in an unending stream. He built machinery for this specific purpose and many pipe manufacturing facilities adopted it. While the welded tube processes were being developed, a need for seamless metal pipes arouse. Seamless pipes are those which do not have a welded seam. They were first made by drilling a hole through the center of a solid cylinder. This method was developed during the late 1800s. These types of pipes were perfect for bicycle frames because they have thin walls, are lightweight but are strong. In 1895, the first plant to produce seamless tubes was built. As bicycle manufacturing gave way to auto manufacturing, seamless tubes were still needed for gasoline and oil lines. This demand was made even greater as larger oil deposits were found. Various methods for manufacturing were developed as the ordinary steel pipes went on to be more improved in quality and quantity. A major milestone was the dawn into the century of steel pipe, which greatly increased the strength of pipes of all sizes. The development of high-strength steel pipes made it possible to transport natural gas and oil over long distances. The application of welding to join pipes in the 1920s made it possible to construct leak proof, high-pressure, large-diameter pipelines. Today, most high-pressure piping consists of steel pipe with welded joints. Major innovations since 1950 include introduction of ductile iron and large-diameter concrete pressure pipes for water; use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe for sewers. 1.3 Types of Pipes Pipes have 3 main classification based on material used Steel Pipes Cement pipes PVC pipes Steel Pipes Steel pipes are long, hollow tubes that are used for various application. They are produced by two distinct methods which result in either a welded or seamless pipe. The raw steel is first converted to a more workable form. The pipe is formed by stretching the steel out into a seamless tube or forcing the edges together and sealing the joint by welding. Steel pipe production processes were started in the early 18th century, and they have steadily evolved into the modern processes we use today. Steel pipes are produced in the millions and used either in the domestic market or exported. Steel pipes are found in a variety of places. Since they are strong, they are used underground for transporting water and gas throughout cities and towns. They are also employed in construction to protect electrical wires. While steel pipes are strong, they can also be lightweight. How is it Made? Steel pipes are made by two different processes. The overall production method for both processes involves five steps. They are Ingot production Producing blooms and slabs Further processing Pipe making Final processing USES Automobiles refrigeration units heating and plumbing systems street lamps support structures for billboards, signs boards, fence posts transportation of fluids like oil and gas etc Asbestos Pipes Asbestos cement pipes are made of a mixture of asbestos paste and cement compressed by steel rollers to form a laminated material of great strength and density. The asbestos fibres act as a reinforcing material to form an intrinsic part of the cement matrix. How is it Made? A/C pipe is manufactured by the Hatchek/ Mazza process from intimately mixed aqueous slurry of portland cement (80-85%) and a mixture of relatively long and medium grade chrysotile asbestos fibres (15-20%). The slurry is made more and more viscous by dewatering the mixture by a machine using a rotary sieve cylinder and a continuous felt to produce a very thin layer of asbestos cement which is wrapped around a mandrel (on which it will be forged on) under pressure until a pipe with the desired wall thickness is produced. The mandrel is then extracted and the pipe is cured by passing through a tunnel-like low temperature oven followed by immersion in or spraying with water, or by autoclaving. On completion of curing, once the pipe is strengthened the ends of the pipe lengths are cut and finished to receive couplings that are produced by cutting larg outer diameter pipe into sections. USES Drinking water supplies To aid the treatment of gastrointestinal and kidney cancer Drainage Process pipes PVC Pipes PVC pipes are made out of a material known as polyvinyl chloride, a durable, strong plastic-like substance. The variation of uses is all the way from plumbing to construction. The pipe is designed to be have a standard. All pipes are designed around specific requirements with better standardization so as to ensure that multiple pipe sections will fit together. The ends of the pipe can either be smooth or grooved (like a screw). Additionally, there are several different pipe sizes ranging from very small (one-fourth inch) to very large (10 feet). How is it Made? PVC pipes are created by starting with a molten mixture of the material and shaping them around a cast. The casts are made to be the exact width of the pipe so as to create a base of foundry. The mixture is poured into this cast and surrounded by an outer shell which will act as a light forge. The complete set is then placed into an oven to be baked. Once the pipe has solidified, it is cooled and moved into finishing where it is checked for quality. Sections of the pipe are then cut based on common sizes and needs. The sections are then coated in a chlorine solution to prevent harmful bacteria from growing and destroying the piped causing leaks in them, during shipping and use. Once the coating is dried, the ends of each section are finished. If the pipe is a smooth connection, the top of the pipe is sanded down to ensure a perfectly flat surface. For fitted pipes, a machine engraves a series of grooves into the pipe. As the grooves are cut, high-pressured water is sprayed on the pip e to remove excess PVC fragments. After the grooves are added, the ends are smooth and the sections are sent into testing. Uses Water Pipe Drain, Waste Vent Pipe Process Pipe Sewer Pipe Drain Pipe Folded PVC pipe 1.4 Pipe Products made by Fraenkische 1.4.1 Drainage Systems Applications a) Building Ventilation/ Building Drainage b) Storm Water Management/ Storm Water Treatment c) Road Drainage d) Underground Cable Protection e) Sewer Pipe Systems f) Agricultural Drainage 1.4.2 Electrical Systems 1.4.2.1 Buildings a) Installation in concrete b) Concealed Installation c) Exposed Installation d) Halogen-free products e) Installations in cavity walls f) Outdoor installation g) Corrugated plastic conduits h) Straight length plastic conduits i) Metal conduits j) Corrugated metal conduits 1.4.2.2 Underground a) Cable ducts b) Cable protectors c) Pole foundation conduits 1.4.2.3 Machines a) Metal hoses b) Corrugated plastic hoses c) Spiral plastic hoses 1.4.2.4 Accessories a) Corrugated plastic conduit accessories b) Straight length plastic conduit accessories c) Steel conduit accessories d) Aluminium conduit accessories e) Stainless steel conduit accessories f) Machine accessories 1.4.3 Building products a) alpex plus b) alpex systems c) ff-therm/alpex-therm XS radiant heating and cooling products 1.4.4 Industrial Pipes 1.4.4.1 Automotive Cable Protection Cable Protection In general Cable Protection Corrugated Tubing Cable Protection Accessories Fluid 1.4.4.2 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION Cable Protection Corrugated tubing Standard profile Accessories Standard profile Corrugated tubing / Accessories Closable Co-flex Corrugated tubing- With special convolute design Air transport Household appliances Sanitary technology Pool technology Medical technology Geothermal and solar energy Specialty applications 1.5 Why India Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rise in recent years is the most recognized development in the world economy. India has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. With an increase in investment and robust macroeconomic fundamentals, the future outlook for India is definitely optimistic. The importance of infrastructure for sustained economic development is well known. India could reach its full potentials, if it improves the infrastructure facilities, which are at present not adequate to meet the escalating demand of the economy. Pipelines are very important for the development of a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s infrastructure. Pipelines are used in transportation of oil, gas and water and it is cheaper and faster as compared to conventional modes of transport like rail and road. With the increasing oil prices, cheaper transportation will add to the feasibility of use of oil and gas. The Indian Pipe Industry is among the top three manufacturing centres after Japan and Europe. With the rapidly increasing economic growth, providing adequate infrastructure facilities to a heavily populated country like India becomes extremely important. Failure to meet the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s infrastructure demand will retard Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth process. However, the penetration level of pipelines in oil and gas transportation is very low compared globally. The pipeline network of India for oil and gas transport stood at 13,517 kms in April 2006. Sanitation levels are also lower at 33% in India compared to 100% in France. Of 140 mn hectares of cultivable land, only 40% of the land is irrigated. The low penetration levels represent the huge opportunity for the growth of the pipe industry in India making it favourable for Fraenkische. When Exploration Production projects for oil and gas companies which were previously slowed down because of the global financial crisis resume their operations then there will be tremendous increase in the demand for new pipelines. This new surge in demand will be promising for the future growth of Indian pipe industry. The upward trend in the Indian pipe industry is expected to persist in the next 3-5 years on the basis of high oil and gas discoveries worldwide and also the increased efforts by Government of India on infrastructure development for laying pipelines for oil and gas transport, water and sewage transport and irrigation facilities. 1.6 Purpose of the Study: A comparative analysis of pipelines production in India vis-a-vis another nation (like China or a European nation) With the final result of a rating of India as a production location (a) In general and (b) In particular for plastic pipes 1.7 Research Questions (Targets): What are hurdles for setting up a production in India versus the other country (which probably China would be a good comparative)? Is it difficult to set up a plant (i.e. get money into India, get permissions for production, ease of employing people and difficulty to potentially firing them)?   Are there local producers in India, or would one have to import; if we have to import then are there high tariffs on the goods (Ease of access to PE / PP raw materials)? Are there points which are especially in favour or to the detriment of plastic production (load share and no continuous electricity supply)? Are there relative cost advantages (with respect to labour or is the gap narrowing vis a vis China)? Are many plastic pipe companies producing in India à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" why / why not? CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Starting operations in India A foreign company willing to launch business operations in India has the following two options AS AN INDIAN COMPANY AS A FOREIGN COMPANY A foreign company can start operations in India by incorporating a company under the Companies Act of 1956 through i) Joint Ventures ii) Wholly Owned Subsidiaries i) Liaison Office/Representative Office ii) Project Office iii) Branch Office After a company has been duly registered and incorporated as an Indian company, it is subject to as any other domestic Indian companies to Indian laws and regulations. Such offices can undertake any permitted activities. Companies have to register themselves with Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days of setting up a place of business in India. 2.1.1 As an Indian Company 2.1.1.1 Joint Venture Company Foreign Companies can set up their operations in India by forging strategic alliances with Indian partners. A joint venture is also the preferred route for foreign investors who wish to invest in any sector where 100% foreign direct investment is not permitted. 2.1.1.2 Wholly Owned Subsidiary Company Foreign companies can set up wholly-owned subsidiary in the form of a private limited with foreign equity in such Indian companies up to 100%, subject to equity caps in respect of the area of activities under the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy. 2.1.2 As a Foreign Company 2.1.2.1 Liaison Office/Representative Office Liaison office acts as a channel of communication between the principal place of business or head office and entities in India. Liaison office can not undertake any commercial activity directly or indirectly and can not, therefore, earn any income in India. Its role is limited to collecting information about possible market opportunities and providing information about the company and its products to prospective Indian customers. It can promote export/import from/to India and also facilitate technical/financial collaboration between parent company and companies in India. Approval for establishing a liaison office in India is granted by Reserve Bank of India (RBI). 2.1.2.2 Project Office Foreign Companies planning to execute specific projects in India can set up temporary project/site offices in India. RBI has now granted general permission to foreign entities to establish Project Offices subject to specified conditions. Such offices can not undertake or carry on any activity other than the activity relating and incidental to execution of the project. Project Offices may remit outside India the surplus of the project on its completion, general permission for which has been granted by the RBI. 2.1.2.3 Branch Office Foreign companies engaged in manufacturing and trading activities abroad are allowed to set up Branch Offices in India for the following purposes: i) Export/Import of goods ii) Rendering professional or consultancy services iii) Carrying out research work, in which the parent company is engaged. iv) Promoting technical or financial collaborations between Indian companies and parent or overseas group company. v) Representing the parent company in India and acting as buying/selling agents in India. vi) Rendering technical support to the products supplied by the parent/ group companies. vii) Foreign airline/shipping company. A branch office is not allowed to carry out manufacturing activities on its own but is permitted to subcontract these to an Indian manufacturer. Branch Offices established with the approval of RBI, may remit outside India profit of the branch, net of applicable Indian taxes and subject to RBI guidelines Permission for setting up branch offices is granted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Branch Office on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Stand Alone Basisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Such Branch Offices would be isolated and restricted to the Special Economic zone (SEZ) alone and no business activity/transaction will be allowed outside the SEZs in India, which include branches/subsidiaries of its parent office in India. No approval shall be necessary from RBI for a company to establish a branch/unit in SEZs to undertake manufacturing and service activities subject to specified conditions. Source: Ministry of Commerce, Govt of India 2.2 Company Formation START  ¯ Obtaining approval for the proposed name of the Company from the ROC  ¯ Drawing up the Memorandum of Association  ¯ Drawing up the Articles of Association  ¯ Getting the appropriate persons to subscribe to the Memorandum (a minimum of 7 for a public company and 2 for a private company  ¯ Payment of Registration Fee to the ROC  ¯ Receipt of Certificate of Incorporation  ¯ Obtain a certificate of commencement of business from the ROC in case of a public company  ¯ END Source: Ministry of Commerce, Govt of India 2.3 Industrial Growth in India After Independence After Independence in 1947, rapid industrialization of the economy was the need of the hour, which was the key to economic development as well as to economic independence. In the following years, Indias Industrial Policy evolved through successive Industrial Policy Resolutions and Industrial Policy Statements. The Indian government has removed bureaucratic controls on industry, under its liberalization policy. Industrial Policy Measures Since 1991 Since 1991, industrial policy measures and procedure have been simplified on a regular basis. Presently, only six industries require compulsory licensing and only three industries are reserved for the public sector. Few important policy measures initiated since 1991 are listed below: Since 1991, promotion of foreign direct investment has been an integral part of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic policy. The Government has ensured a liberal and transparent foreign investment regime where most activities are opened to foreign investment on automatic route without any limit on the extent of foreign ownership. FDI up to 100 per cent has also been allowed under automatic route for most manufacturing activities in Special Economic Zones (SEZs). More recently, in 2004, the FDI limits were raised in the petroleum product pipelines (up to 100 per cent), natural gas and LNG pipelines (up to 100 per cent). In an effort to mitigate regional imbalances, the Government announced a new North-East Industrial Policy in December 1997 for promoting industrialization in the North-Eastern region. This policy is applicable for the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The Policy has provided various concessions to industrial units in the North Eastern Region, e.g., development of industrial infrastructure, subsidies under various schemes, excise and income-tax exemption for a period of 10 years, etc. North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. has been designated as the nodal disbursing agency under the Scheme. Till the onset of reform process in 1991, industrial licensing played a crucial role in channeling investments, controlling entry and expansion of capacity in the Indian industrial sector. As such industrialization occurred in a protected environment, which led to various distortions. Tariffs and quantitative controls largely kept foreign competition out of the domestic market, and most Indian manufacturers looked on exports only as a residual possibility. Little attention was paid to ensure product quality, undertaking RD for technological development and achieving economies of scale. The industrial policy announced in 1991, however, substantially dispensed with industrial licensing and facilitated foreign investment and technology transfers, and threw open the areas hitherto reserved for the public sector. The policy focus in the recent years has been on deregulating the Indian industry, enabling industrial restructuring, allowing the industry freedom and flexibility in responding to market forces and providing a business environment that facilitates and fosters overall industrial growth. By provding exemption from licensing for all start ups and for those with an investment worth of Rs2.5 crores in fixed assets and a right to import up to 30% of the total value of plant and machinery and allowing foreign equity investment was allowed up to 40%. The future growth of the Indian industry as widely believed, is crucially dependent upon improving the overall productivity of the manufacturing sector, rationalisation of the duty structure, technological upgradation, the search for export markets through promotional efforts and trade agreements and creating an enabling legal environment. DOING BUSINESS ANALYSIS-WORLD BANK Starting a Business in India India is ranked 169 overall for Starting a Business. Ranking of India in Starting a Business Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Starting a Business data for India compared to China: Procedures (number) Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita) Min. capital (% of income per capita) INDIA 13 30 66.1 210.9 CHINA 14 37 4.9 130.9 ANALYSIS: Even though India lags behind China in the ease of starting a business but it is almost neck-to-neck in terms of procedures and time taken. Construction Permits in India India is ranked 175 overall for Dealing with Construction Permits. Ranking of India in Dealing with Construction Permits Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Dealing with Construction Permits data for India compared to China Procedures (number) Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita) INDIA 37 195 2394.9 CHINA 37 336 579.2 ANALYSIS: India is better than China in terms of dealing with construction permits, however the cost is far more than China. Employing Workers in India : India is ranked 104 overall for Employing Workers. Ranking of India in Employing Workers Compared to good practice and selected economies The following table shows Employing Workers data for India compared to China: Rigidity of employment index (0-100 Redundancy costs (weeks of salary) INDIA 30 56 CHINA 31 91 ANALYSIS: In terms of employing workers (hiring and firing) India is little bit more flexible than China whereas in terms of employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wages and working hours India is far more flexible than China. Registering Property in India India is ranked 93 overall for Registering Property. Ranking of India in Registering Property Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Registering Property data for India compared to China: Procedures (number) Time (days) Cost (% of property value) INDIA 5 44 7.4 CHINA 4 29 3.1 ANALYSIS: Registering Property in India is much more time taking and costlier than China. Getting Credit in India India is ranked 30 overall for Getting Credit. Ranking of India in Getting Credit Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Getting Credit data for India compared to China: Strength of legal rights index (0-10) Depth of credit information index (0-6) Public registry coverage (% of adults) Private bureau coverage (% of adults) INDIA 8 4 0.0 10.2 CHINA 6 4 62.1 0.0 ANALYSIS: In terms of getting credit India is lot better than China. Protecting Investors in India India is ranked 41 overall for Protecting Investors. Ranking of India in Protecting Investors Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Protecting Investors data for India compared to China: Strength of investor protection index (0-10) INDIA 6.0 CHINA 5.0 ANALYSIS: India is far better place for investors than China. Paying Taxes India is ranked 169 overall for Paying Taxes. Ranking of India in Paying Taxes Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Paying Taxes data for India compared to good practice and comparator economies: Payments (number per year) Time (hours per year) Total tax rate (% profit) INDIA 59 271 64.7 CHINA 7 504 78.5 ANALYSIS: Even though Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rank is far higher than China in terms of paying taxes but its less time taking and even total tax rate is less than China. Trading Across Borders India is ranked 94 overall for Trading Across Borders. Ranking of India in Trading Across Borders Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Trading Across Borders data for India compared to China: Documents to export (number) Time to export (days) Cost to export (US$ per container) Documents to import (number) Time to import (days) Cost to import (US$ per container) INDIA 8 17 945 9 20 960 CHINA 7 21 500 5 24 545 ANALYSIS: In terms of trading across borders India is far behind China in ranking however time to export is lesser than China. Enforcing Contracts India is ranked 182 overall for Enforcing Contracts. Ranking of India in Enforcing Contracts Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Enforcing Contracts data for India compared China: Procedures (number) Time (days) Cost (% of claim) INDIA 46 1420 39.6 CHINA 34 406 11.1 ANALYSIS: In terms of enforcing contracts India is far behind China. Closing Business India is ranked 138 overall for Closing a Business. Ranking of India in Closing Business Compared to good practice and selected economies: The following table shows Closing Business data for India compared to China: Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) Time (years) Cost (% of estate) INDIA 15.1 7.0 9 CHINA 35.3 1.7 22 ANALYSIS: Even though India lags far behind China in terms of closing business but the cost involved in doing so is far less than China.